Inspiration for History Timeline

I absolutely love the use of colors in this timline. They really catch your eye. I also love the overlapping element. It gives the design some depth, yet it is still organized. 

This design is very simple and organized. I love the colors used and the circular  picture that shows text coming out the side. There is also a little sidebar which I like.

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?

Performed simple math calculations

In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?

The first freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?

Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?

For the Census bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for?

Universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?

International Business Machines

What is FORTRAN?

The first successful high level programming language. The IBM mathematical formula translating system.

Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?

He made computers more user-friendly by inventing the computer mouse

What is the significance of ARPnet?

The first internet. It was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.

The first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004:

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.

The first memory disk, commonly called the floppy disk because of its flexibilty:

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?

The first ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

Altair

Apple I

Apple II

TRS-80

Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?

The MS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?

Apple

What is GUI?

Graphical User Interface

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?

The Apple Macintosh computer

The commercial only ran one time. When?

January 22, 1984 during the Super Bowl

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?

The Windows operating system

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?

1960s

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?

it is an intentional hidden message in software

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?

The computers will keep getting thinner and thinner and lighter and there will be more touch screens.

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated? 

Printing presses published engravings or woodcuts.

What is a camera obscura?

"Dark chamber" optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.

Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure? 

Observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon.

From where did the photographic camera develop? 

The camera obscura in a more portable use.

Who first used the term "photography"? 

Where was is derived from? Sir John Hershel, from the Greek words for light and writing.

Post the first photograph.

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?

Joseph Niepce

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Louis Daguerre exposure time decreased  and could be permanently exposed by putting the paper in salt. it was expensive

Post an example of a Calotype image.

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

William Fox Talbot but it could be duplicated --the basis of our modern photographic process

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Fredrick Scott Archer exposure went down to two or three seconds and it cost less. wet plates had to be developed immediately, making it harder to carry around the chemical tent, etc.

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Richard Maddox and he used gelatin rather than collodion. too difficult for the general public

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?

made photography accessible to everybody, kodak

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?

recording multiple images faster

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?

Patenting polarized light filters and invented instant photography

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?

60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?

Motion picture photographer using multiple cameras to capture motion

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope?

Used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?

all four of a horse's legs come off the ground while galloping by placing a series of large cameras in a line, each being triggered by a thread as the horse passed by

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?

Allowed for individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector?

Shined a light through the film and magnified the moving picture onto a screen for an audience

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? 

 Christopher Scholes

What is a "stenographer"? 

An invention that takes notes on what people say.

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane? 

He thought stenographers would be the most important users.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? 

It took to long to copy onto the typewriter from his notes.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?

 Ottomar Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"? 

Casting type from a metal matrix versus papier-mache.

Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?

It allows type to be set mechanically rather  produced a solid line of type by casting hot lead into a series of molds that corresponded to individual letters.

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?

It made it possibly for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?

90 characters, and no shift key

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?

 An assembled line of type cast as a single piece

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type? it allowed for fast typing and it could print larger amounts of things faster

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
He is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type.

He is said to be the most influential person of all times.

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work? 
Hand press. Ink was rolled over the raised surface of moveable hand-set black letters held within a wooden form. Form was pressed against a sheet of paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Working with his father and his love of reading motivated him to find a better way to create books.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Gutenberg concluded that metal type (or movable type) could be reproduced quickly once a single mold could be made.

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
Moveable type is the system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters and punctuations). Lettering was more uniform.
What is a matrix? Hard metal punch is hammered into a soft copper bar, creating a matrix.Then, placed into a hand-held mold. Piece of type is cast by filling the mold with molten metal.

The matrix can be reused so the same character appearing anywhere within the book will appear very uniform.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil-based ink. More durable then the water based ink.

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Paper is a substrate made from wood pulp. Chinese created the first piece of paper.

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press?

Johan Fust

At the end of the 5 years, what happened?

If Gutenberg could not repay the loan, with interest, Fust would get the printing press, tools, and materials.Close to the end of 5 years, what happened?Before the 200 bibles were completed, Fust sued Gutenberg to get his money. Judge ruled in favor of Fust and made Gutenberg pay. Gutenberg turned over the printing press, tools, materials and all 180 Bible.

What was the first book he printed?

A two volume Bible.

Post an example of this book.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?

Perfected script and made it easier to read, books made more rapidly, current information could be shared locally around the world, the cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them and demand grew and population became more literate.

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton produced the first book in English. Fist english person to work as a printer.

What was the early form of newspapers?
trade newsletters began to develop as an early form of newspaper.

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704. The boston letter, by John Campbell.

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?

Lord Stanhope had built a press completely out or cast iron.

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?Relief printing

Intaglio

Porous

Lithography

Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?Image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink.

Ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp pare is placed on top. A press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?Basic stencil process. image is attached to a screen. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?Printing on a flat surface. Based on the concept that oil and water do not readily mix.

Drawing, or artwork , is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Mater is applied. When ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept ink, the wet parts do not.

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?

Most commercial printing is printed with a similar form of the lithography process called offset lithography.

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
They allowed only for sequential usage.

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?
Covered and bound collection on handwritten pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
It is very sturdy.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
Sequential access means you must read the work in the order it was written where in random access you can start reading wherever you want.

What were the advantages of using the codex?
You have random access and it is more portable than the scroll. It is also easier to organize.

What helped spread the use of the codex?
The Bible.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment. Hair and fat from animals were removed and the skin was flattened, flour was added, and then it was dried.

What is vellum?
Finer qualities of parchment that were made from young calves.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
The iPad and the Kindle.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The decline of the Roman Empire.

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monastic monks.

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
Illumination refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentations added to each page. The ornamentation included initials of chapters or paragraphs and paintings in margins, borders and around text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Animal skins and natural guill pens for detail.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
The work was so laborious.

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
The quality at which the manuscripts were created that allowed them to last a long time.

Illuminated Manuscript

I absolutely love the border with all of the detailed illustrations. I also like the text the used.

I like how there are two separate columns and the border on this one is also wonderful.  I like how the picture is inside of the "P".